![]() ![]() The Positions in the Hall of Distinction ( Mingtang wei 明堂位) The first example shows the rituals adhered to during the royal audiences in the "Hall of Distinction" during the early Zhou period: While some particular chapters are separately dealt with, some examples may give an impression of the heterogeneity of the collection Liji. The meaning of the interchange of missions between different courts The meaning of the drinking festivity in the districts Questions about the mourning for three years Treatise on subsidiary points in mourning usages Subjects for questioning about the mourning dress The Positions in the The Hall of Distinction Proceedings of government in the different months These two texts became part of the so-called "Four Books" ( sishu 四書), together with the Mengzi 孟子 and Lunyu 論語. Two chapters were extracted during the Song period 宋 (960-1279): Zhongyong 中庸 "Doctrine of the Mean" and Daxue 大學 "Great Learning". The chapter Yueji has been interpreted by some scholars as the often-mentioned but actually never identified sixth Confucian classic (of the "Six Classics" Liuyi 六藝), namely that on ritual music. The traditional structure of Chinese government is described in the chapter Wangzhi 王制 "Royal regulations". The chapter Yueling 月令 is not actually "Confucian", but it describes the proceedings of the government in the different months from the viewpoint of early Chinese cosmological thinking. The Liji also contains some general chapters on Confucian ritual thinking, like the conveyance of rituals ( Liyun 禮運), ritual music ( Yueji 樂記), or studies ( Xueji 學記). Some of the chapters are similar in content to the Yili, like the capping or marriage ceremonies, but others are not contained in the Yili classic, like the ritual game of pitch-pot ( touhu 投壺). Its status as a classic was enhanced by the fact that the Confucian scholar Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 (127-200) wrote a commentary on Dai Sheng's Liji. ![]() At the end of the Later Han 後漢 (25-220 CE) the book of Dai De ceased to be taught at the National University ( taixue 太學) and was overshadowed by the compilation of Dai Sheng, which then became the orthodox classic on rituals, together with the Yili 儀禮 and the Zhouli 周禮. "Proceedings of government in the different months"ĭuring the Former Han period books on ritual matters with a length of 131 chapters were gathered, one by the Confucian scholar Dai De 戴德 (Dai the Elder 大戴), who compiled a collection of 85 chapters (called Da Dai Liji 大戴禮記 "The Rites by Dai the Elder"), and one by his nephew Dai Sheng 戴聖, with a length of 49 chapters, which was accordingly called the Xiao Dai Liji 小戴禮記 "The Rites by Dai the Younger". It is one of the Five Confucian Classics ( wujing 五經) and one of the three ritual classics ( sanli 三禮). ![]() Liji 禮記 "Book of rites" is a collection of descriptions of ritual matters written during the late Warring States 戰國 (5th cent.-221 BCE) and Former Han periods 前漢 (206 BCE-8 CE). ![]()
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